![]() To date, more than 100 R genes against 122 different pathogens have been cloned from numerous plant species such as Arabidopsis, tomato, potato, barely, rice, and wheat ( Hinsch and Staskawicz, 1996 Anderson et al., 1997 Ellis et al., 1999 Feuillet et al., 2003 Tör et al., 2004 Fu et al., 2009 Zhou et al., 2014 Li N. One efficient mechanism, effector-triggered immunity (ETI), is activated upon recognition of a pathogen avirulence (Avr) gene by a resistance (R) protein, leading to an array of defense responses, including hypersensitive response (HR) ( Cui et al., 2015), reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, and induction of defense-related genes ( Kandoth and Mitchum, 2013 Liang et al., 2014 Gao et al., 2017). Plants have evolved various defense mechanisms against biotic (e.g., bacterial and fungal pathogens) and abiotic stresses (e.g., high temperature, drought, salt, and heavy metals) ( Jones and Dangl, 2006 Bhattarai et al., 2016 Jiang et al., 2018). ![]() Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) is a typical example of wheat cultivars with HTSP resistance to Pst. ![]() HTAP resistance expresses or increases when plants are in the adult stage and weather becomes warm, whereas HTSP resistance expresses when wheat seedlings are temporarily exposed to 20☌ for only 24 h at the initial stage of Pst incubation ( Wang et al., 2017a Wang et al., 2019). Wheat high-temperature (HT) resistance to Pst, a non-race-specific and durable resistance, can be classified into two types: high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) and high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance ( Chen, 2013). However, the loss of resistance in wheat cultivars has been happening frequently due to rapid emergence of new virulent races in Pst ( Chen et al., 2009 Hu et al., 2014). Currently, stripe rust control is primarily achieved through the use of resistant cultivars ( Chen, 2014) and fungicide sprays ( Chen et al., 2013). Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) yield can be greatly reduced by stripe rust caused by obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. We conclude that TaRPM1 is involved in HTSP resistance to Pst in XY 6. Related defense genes TaPR1 and TaPR2 were downregulated in TaRPM1-silenced plants under high temperature. Silencing TaRPM1 in wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY 6) resulted in reduced HTSP resistance to Pst in terms of reduced number of necrotic cells and increased uredinial length, whereas no obvious phenotypic changes were observed in TaRPM1-silenced leaves under normal temperature. In addition, TaRPM1 was induced by exogenous salicylic acid hormone application. Profiling TaRPM1 expression indicated that TaRPM1 transcription was rapidly upregulated upon Pst inoculation under high temperature. Transient expression of the TaRPM1-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that TaRPM1 localizes in the cytoplasm and nucleus. To study the function of TaRPM1 in wheat high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance to Pst, the full length of TaRPM1 was cloned, with three copies each located on chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D. tritici ( Pst) under high temperature, compared with normal temperature. Our previous study showed that TaRPM1 gene in wheat was upregulated about six times following infection by Puccinia striiformis f. RPM1 is a CC-NBS-LRR protein that was first shown to be required for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. 3Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East Malling Research, Kent, United Kingdom.2Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China. ![]() Jiahui Wang 1, Wei Tian 1, Fei Tao 1, Jingjing Wang 1, Hongsheng Shang 1, Xianming Chen 2, Xiangming Xu 3 and Xiaoping Hu 1*
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